“…But this time, we must make a whole country for all are live here so that they all can speak, before the war began, many of my regiment have never seen any negro…we fight for men and women which poetry has not yet written, but we should presently be as enviable as renowned as any.” This letter was shown at the beginning of the film that Shaw wrote to his mother. The American Civil War is the most important event that affects the development of the United States. On the surface, the American Civil War looks like individuals fight for abolishing slavery and support Lincoln's election. Then, several states in south start proclaiming independence; and the states in the north started a fight for the union. However, looking carefully, individuals might realize that during the election in 1860, Lincoln only got 40% of the votes across the country. Besides Vermont, in most of the states in the north, Lincoln only got 50% to 60% support. Therefore, that is mean if he wants to succeed in the election, he needs to get support from the whole country, and this circumstance leads to a question: is that true that the people who lived in the north really hate the slavery? People can see characters' reaction and movement from the film that claims that they really do not care about if the slavery is abolished or not. This film was showing around 28 years ago; and at that time, people may never think about that after 28 years later, there will have a black president. Moreover, the sound effects and the background music are significant elements that affect audience and historians’ thoughts and feeling. Besides that, these aspects are very important for people to get involve and understand the history. In the ancient world, soldiers fight for glory because they have faith and belief in their mind. Therefore, this film called Glory might have the same meaning. The American Civil War needs a great reason that encourages soldiers to fight for, and the liberate slavery become the most crucial reason that can encourage soldiers to keep up high morale. Furthermore, the film is an autobiography, and most of the autobiography is using the first person point of view. Hence, the scenes that Shaw read the letters that he wrote to his mother is a method to show the first person perspective to the audience. Also, the voiceover helps individuals to get to know the historical event better. Because the movie is also a story of the Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry, so the other two main protagonists Trip and John play the important parts.

According to the Constitution of the United States1, they indicate that the Negro has right to join the election, but their vote only counted as third-fifth. As the matter of fact, this rule is disobeyed the constitutional spirit. Perhaps, individuals will think that this rule is made by the southern citizen; however, the southern citizen wants the black people to have the right to vote, and because at that time, black people take a big portion of the population in the south. Hence, their votes become more important. This is true that the causes of American Civil War include slavery, but the basic problem is economy. The diversity of economy between south and north become the origin of the civil war. Besides that, the British play a big part in this situation, and they offered help for the south; and all of these circumstances associated with the economy problem.

Robert Shaw who is a narrative's protagonist was "the son of wealthy Boston abolitionists" and he is "an educated, idealistic young man"2 sometimes he makes people he is relying on his parents too much because he always wrote letters to them and tell them almost everything about himself. The film starts on the battlefield, and it tells the audience the concept and the situation of the story directly.

When he back to home, Shaw "Shaw meets abolitionist Frederick Douglass (Raymond St. Jacques) and Massachusetts Governor John Andrew (Alan North), who offers Shaw the command of a regiment of Negro soldiers, the Massachusetts 54th."3

Shaw started to organize the Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry, and Thomas became the first volunteer. Moreover, the film also stressed and emphasized the change, situation, and the growth of Thomas; for instance, what's his inner change. Besides that, the same portrayal and description of the inner heart appear in other character's circumstances. As the matter of fact, the most impressive scenes in the film are their way of fighting. At that time, the southern soldiers are more experienced than the northern soldier, and perhaps the reason is that the southern people just been through the Mexican-American War, and they have some excellent commander left from that war. Furthermore, they have the better weapons that are provided by British. However, the northern soldier looks more inexperienced and younger. During the first battle in this film, these soldiers are using the old-fashioned way to against the enemy.4 they are tidy and keep rank, and move forward till fighting at close quarters. Also, this way of the fight has been continued until the end of the movie. As the matter of fact, the soldiers did not have the machine gun, and they only have the rifle; therefore, they have one more complicated step is to reload the gun; and the most excellent soldier can shoot three times in a minute. Thus, that is mean their way of battle can cause the huge casualty rate. After the last battle in the film, "Shaw is tossed into a mass grave with his men, including Trip."5 Only at this moment, it showed the equal between black people and white people because even though they have different colors, they have the same aim and fight for same thing. Furthermore, "A postscript adds that the 54th "lost over half its number" in the attack, and that President Lincoln credited the 180,000 "men of color" who fought for the Union "with helping to turn the tide of the war"6 This evidence state that what they did is worthy and consequential

James Horner makes the sound effect in this film, and the music in the film is grand, magnificent and strikes a deep chord. The sound effect is really important for the film. The theme of the film is dignity and glory; therefore, James Horner used a lot of orchestral music in order to emphasize the background of this period of time. There are several scenes that are very impressive. The first one is when they used canning to punish Denzel Washington, and after he took off this shirt, the old scars are on his back, and all these scars represent the humiliation. He looked at Shaw and finally shed one tear.7 at this part, the director using the close-up shot; therefore, the audience can see the progressive transformation of his face and emotion. Moreover, the second impressive scene is when Shaw volunteered for his regiment, and he said: "There is more than rest and fight, sir, there is a character, there is the strength of heart.”8 Also, at this moment, the director used the same method as the first one, and the close-up shot showed the emotion of Shaw and his strength. Furthermore, the third impressive scene is before Shaw went to the battle, and he told to the journalist: " If I should fall, remember what you see here.”9 Then, he frees his horse. The most time in this movie, Shaw was riding on his horse in order to highlight his noble and different. However, before the last battle in the film, he releases his horse because he finally stands at the same position with his regiment. Shaw and his regiment became the pioneer of throw off the shackles and the forerunner of fighting for freedom. Moreover, the film is more like the growth of Shaw because during the 122 minutes, the Director showed the changes of his thoughts and behaviors, and same as Thomas.

A large number of historians "interested in film reach a large enough mass to begin to create the meetings, essays, journals, and books that indicate a topic is on the scholarly map."10

Films become a new method of learning history. People usually study history from books, articles, literature, documents, etc. films are able to help historians and students understand the history more. Moreover, films have visual effect and sound effect. Therefore, sometimes individuals might not understand the word in the book or literature, but they can understand from the frames.

To sum up, film studies as a new way of learning history help students and historians understand the more circumstances and situations. Also, from the visual and sound effects, individuals can get to know the historical events from the first-person point of view. Besides that, Glory is a really successful film; and there are several impressive scenes that help people get to know the personalities of protagonists.

那個(gè)時(shí)代

美國(guó)南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)起始于1861年，在說(shuō)“排隊(duì)槍斃”這件事之前，首先要先對(duì)這個(gè)時(shí)間形成一個(gè)認(rèn)知，對(duì)非軍迷來(lái)說(shuō)，大家對(duì)這種形式的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)感到迷惑，是因?yàn)檫@本身就是距我們很有年代的一場(chǎng)近代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，而非現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。根據(jù)我們的歷史觀來(lái)說(shuō)，第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（1840年）之前屬于古代史，近代史和現(xiàn)代史的分割線是1919年。

1861年世界上發(fā)生的大事影響了今后的世界格局，那個(gè)時(shí)候第一次世界大戰(zhàn)還沒(méi)發(fā)生，德意志帝國(guó)還未建立。由于俄國(guó)在克里米亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中慘敗英法聯(lián)軍，俄國(guó)看到了由農(nóng)奴組成的軍隊(duì)與英法自由民組成的軍隊(duì)之間的差距，促使俄國(guó)進(jìn)行了農(nóng)奴制改革，歸還農(nóng)奴自由，這次改革也讓俄國(guó)的資本主義迅速發(fā)展。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的后果產(chǎn)生了一系列的連鎖反應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致了撒丁王國(guó)統(tǒng)一了整個(gè)意大利，建立了意大利王國(guó)，統(tǒng)一后意大利資本主義的發(fā)展也得到了促進(jìn)。在第一次工業(yè)革命的果實(shí)下，世界格局逐漸向現(xiàn)代演變，積攢著爆發(fā)第二次工業(yè)革命的能量。

1861年的清朝

1861年是中國(guó)清朝時(shí)期，當(dāng)時(shí)的中國(guó)大地上正在經(jīng)歷第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，英法聯(lián)軍占領(lǐng)北京，火燒圓明園。太平天國(guó)內(nèi)部分裂但依然四處征戰(zhàn)，三年后洪秀全病逝。

紫禁城內(nèi)也在經(jīng)歷著巨變，這一年咸豐皇帝逝世，慈禧太后發(fā)動(dòng)政變正式走上歷史舞臺(tái)，垂簾聽(tīng)政控制了中國(guó)半個(gè)多世紀(jì)。在紫禁城外，中國(guó)也開(kāi)始了持續(xù)35年的洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，中國(guó)走向了工業(yè)化和現(xiàn)代化之路，此時(shí)中國(guó)鐵路之父詹天佑剛剛出生，袁世凱也剛剛兩歲。

直到33年后的中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，北洋水師覆滅，朝鮮國(guó)從大清國(guó)獨(dú)立，被日本控制后兼并朝鮮半島，洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)徹底失敗。再后來(lái)由于課本上熟知的運(yùn)動(dòng)，中國(guó)歷史就從近代進(jìn)入了現(xiàn)代。

線列步兵

“排隊(duì)槍斃”其實(shí)是在作戰(zhàn)時(shí)對(duì)步兵運(yùn)用的一種形態(tài)，一般叫“線列步兵”，也有一些其他的叫法。線列步兵是隨著步兵作戰(zhàn)工具由傳統(tǒng)的冷兵器進(jìn)化到火器槍械發(fā)展而來(lái)的。

線列步兵的特點(diǎn)是由手持火器的步兵排成較寬的2~4排，作戰(zhàn)時(shí)聽(tīng)號(hào)令進(jìn)行齊射，形成密集的彈雨對(duì)敵人進(jìn)行殺傷。

這時(shí)候問(wèn)題來(lái)了，這種寬且淺的陣型缺乏縱深，騎兵一個(gè)沖鋒不就全亂了嗎？的確是這樣的，在機(jī)關(guān)槍和坦克尚未出現(xiàn)的野戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上，騎兵依然是步兵大敵。

在回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題之前，先引出線列步兵的三種陣型概念：線列、方陣、縱陣

步兵對(duì)戰(zhàn)陣型：線列

線列陣型

在電影的開(kāi)頭，北軍就以線列陣型向南軍發(fā)起進(jìn)攻，這就是排隊(duì)槍斃的由來(lái)了，在這里介紹幾種典型的線列陣型射擊方式。

左側(cè)的為三排士兵，第一排呈跪姿射擊，以便給后面第二排呈站姿士兵以射擊空間，第三排士兵則通過(guò)與前兩排士兵中間的縫隙射擊，但這樣的缺點(diǎn)是第三排士兵射擊時(shí)容易被前排士兵的帽檐或肩部飾物遮擋視野（可以參看近代英法兩軍的軍服）

右側(cè)的第二種方式同樣也是三排士兵，第一排呈跪姿射擊，第二排半蹲射擊，第三排站立射擊，這種方式同樣也有缺點(diǎn)，由于第二排士兵的站姿不穩(wěn)，射擊時(shí)由于因?yàn)楹笞叫毓恰?/p>

在這幾種站姿的基礎(chǔ)上，還有可以保持持續(xù)火力的“三段式射擊”，第一排射擊完畢后將槍支交由后排裝填，并接過(guò)后排遞過(guò)的已裝填好的槍支繼續(xù)射擊，以此往復(fù)。以及適用于沖鋒的“徐進(jìn)式射擊”，第一排射擊完畢后原地裝填，此時(shí)第三排前進(jìn)到第一排前方變?yōu)榈谝慌派鋼?，射擊完畢后原地裝填，接著第二排前進(jìn)到最前方變?yōu)榈谝慌胚M(jìn)行射擊，以此往復(fù)，這樣能夠在保持火力輸出的情況下持續(xù)前進(jìn)，直到抵達(dá)沖鋒距離沖進(jìn)敵陣進(jìn)行白刃戰(zhàn)。

對(duì)戰(zhàn)騎兵陣型：方陣

方陣陣型

線列步兵時(shí)代，步兵對(duì)抗騎兵的方式就是空心方陣隊(duì)形，當(dāng)步兵遭遇騎兵沖擊時(shí)，迅速轉(zhuǎn)換為方陣，對(duì)外可以向周邊的巡游騎兵射擊，若有騎兵沖鋒，第一排將蹲地使用帶刺刀的步槍充當(dāng)長(zhǎng)槍兵的角色抵御騎兵，即便有沖進(jìn)方陣內(nèi)的騎兵，也將面對(duì)內(nèi)層四面八方的射擊和刺刀。

行軍陣型：縱列

縱列陣型

在呈線列方陣前進(jìn)時(shí)速度非常緩慢，甚至各國(guó)軍隊(duì)對(duì)士兵在指定時(shí)間內(nèi)前進(jìn)多少步都有詳細(xì)的要求，在不同的地形下保持線列陣型行進(jìn)時(shí)遇到障礙物時(shí)會(huì)撕裂陣型，這非?？简?yàn)部隊(duì)的訓(xùn)練和組織能力，所以一般只有在固定位置防守或臨近接敵時(shí)才會(huì)展開(kāi)隊(duì)形。為了保證速度，在行進(jìn)時(shí)一般采用縱陣，有時(shí)在沖鋒時(shí)也會(huì)采用此陣型。

關(guān)于指揮官蕭

在電影中，我們可以看到54兵團(tuán)的黑人士兵都是沒(méi)有沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)斗經(jīng)驗(yàn)的士兵，蕭對(duì)士兵進(jìn)行了非常嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練，大致可以總結(jié)為編隊(duì)訓(xùn)練、射擊訓(xùn)練、刺殺訓(xùn)練，這是很有章法的。

編隊(duì)訓(xùn)練一方面是為了訓(xùn)練士兵的紀(jì)律性，另一很重要的原因就是訓(xùn)練在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上保持陣型的能力，影片中講到不少黑人士兵連左右都無(wú)法分辨，這樣還怎么保證方陣不被撕裂。

蕭對(duì)待黑人士兵的嚴(yán)厲態(tài)度不被同僚下屬所理解，這里面不只是軍容軍紀(jì)的問(wèn)題，是在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境下陣型保持的現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題，如果無(wú)法保持陣型，一旦在炮火下變?yōu)樯⒈⊿kirmish，這也是一種作戰(zhàn)方陣，可以依托掩體牽制敵軍或靈活穿插打擊地方側(cè)翼與線列兵陣形成夾擊，隨著武器發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)單兵戰(zhàn)術(shù)也是某種意義上的散兵了），就無(wú)法抵御騎兵沖擊，也無(wú)法防守陣地，無(wú)法與線列兵陣正面對(duì)抗。

而且線列步兵的特點(diǎn)就是對(duì)單兵素質(zhì)要求不高，訓(xùn)練成本低，士兵只需維持好陣型、射擊即可。各國(guó)軍隊(duì)訓(xùn)練也經(jīng)常靠強(qiáng)硬方式來(lái)訓(xùn)練士兵，在方陣中的士兵就是一顆螺絲釘，不需要思考，訓(xùn)練方式就是“死記硬背”。

蕭在經(jīng)歷了片頭的敗仗之后，意識(shí)到戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境下對(duì)人的挑戰(zhàn)，包括后面射擊訓(xùn)練時(shí)對(duì)優(yōu)秀射手心理挑戰(zhàn)，都是希望將自己在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的經(jīng)歷化為訓(xùn)練，讓自己的部下在真正的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上能夠生存下去。我看到有些豆友的影評(píng)在講這個(gè)演員相比華盛頓和弗里曼來(lái)說(shuō)并沒(méi)有什么出彩之處，我認(rèn)為角色塑造就是如此，作為一個(gè)上層白人家庭長(zhǎng)大的他，無(wú)法理解黑人，覺(jué)得無(wú)法融入他們這都是很正常的。作為指揮鏈的一環(huán)，他注定無(wú)法擁有出彩的個(gè)性，這就是一個(gè)心存善良，對(duì)士兵生命負(fù)責(zé)的合格指揮官形象。

武器裝備

前面說(shuō)到過(guò)，線列步兵是隨著步兵作戰(zhàn)工具由傳統(tǒng)的冷兵器進(jìn)化到火器槍械發(fā)展而來(lái)的。在電影中的射擊訓(xùn)練環(huán)節(jié)，影片很詳細(xì)的展示了當(dāng)時(shí)的擊發(fā)線膛槍的裝填方式，還提到“一個(gè)好的射手一分鐘能夠射擊三次”這是非常貼近現(xiàn)實(shí)的。

為什么當(dāng)時(shí)要采用線列步兵戰(zhàn)術(shù)，歸根結(jié)底還是當(dāng)時(shí)的槍支射速慢、準(zhǔn)度差。要盡快殺傷敵人的有生力量，就要在盡可能短的時(shí)間內(nèi)擊中更多的敵人，所以才會(huì)產(chǎn)生使用寬薄線列齊射的戰(zhàn)術(shù)。舉一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)的例子，大家都知道的AK47，理論射速為每分鐘600發(fā)，在當(dāng)時(shí)的時(shí)代需要200個(gè)人同時(shí)開(kāi)槍才可以達(dá)到一支AK47的火力輸出能力，在自動(dòng)步槍面前采用線列步陣型，那就真的是排隊(duì)槍斃了，這就是時(shí)代的差距。

南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，也是輕兵器槍械由前裝填步槍向后裝填步槍、滑膛槍向線膛槍演變的時(shí)期，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后期，后裝填步槍、機(jī)關(guān)槍逐漸出現(xiàn)，南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后，前裝填步槍時(shí)代的隨之結(jié)束，隨著步兵武器殺傷性、準(zhǔn)確性的大幅提高，排隊(duì)槍斃式的線列步兵作戰(zhàn)方式也逐漸被拋棄了。

槍械

南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，歷史正處在單兵武器進(jìn)化的交接點(diǎn)，所以在這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中出現(xiàn)的槍械琳瑯滿目，五花八門(mén)。

根據(jù)電影中領(lǐng)槍的橋段，影片中54團(tuán)裝備的應(yīng)該是恩菲爾1853（Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle-musket）實(shí)在是很不好認(rèn)，我一開(kāi)始以為是占北軍主流的春田，但是后來(lái)查了一下54團(tuán)全團(tuán)裝備的是恩菲爾德。這是一直英國(guó)產(chǎn)步槍?zhuān)谟?guó)的型號(hào)是P1853，到美國(guó)后被重新命名為M1853（M意為model，命名習(xí)慣不同）。

還記得開(kāi)頭說(shuō)的時(shí)代背景嗎，由于英國(guó)遍及全球的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)步伐，所以這把槍在上面提到過(guò)的克里米亞和第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中都有出現(xiàn)，太平天國(guó)還仿造過(guò)，是的，中國(guó)人也死于這把槍下。

這是一種前裝填-擊發(fā)式-線膛步槍，采用米涅彈、使用火帽擊發(fā)，影片中對(duì)這把槍的評(píng)價(jià)是貼近現(xiàn)實(shí)的，便宜、穩(wěn)定、耐用，是它的最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

恩菲爾德 M1853

為了可以感受到作為一名排隊(duì)槍斃的線列步兵感受，需要先簡(jiǎn)單介紹幾種近代槍械知識(shí)，主要從上一行加粗的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵字的緯度簡(jiǎn)單介紹，不詳細(xì)展開(kāi)，詳細(xì)的我也不太了解。

前裝填/后裝填

前裝填：在影片中可以清楚的看到前裝填的裝填步驟，傳統(tǒng)的前裝填步槍裝彈時(shí)首先需要槍口向上將槍立起，然后從槍口向內(nèi)裝填火藥，然后將彈頭裝入，再使用長(zhǎng)桿從槍口伸入把彈頭和火藥壓實(shí)，這樣就完成了發(fā)射前的裝填動(dòng)作，早期的長(zhǎng)桿是木質(zhì)的，在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境下士兵緊張的情況下容易折斷，所以后來(lái)?yè)Q成了金屬桿。長(zhǎng)桿可以收入槍中隨槍攜帶，就是上圖中槍口下的那一根桿子。

后裝填：隨著擊發(fā)方式和彈藥一體化的發(fā)展，后裝填步槍出現(xiàn)了，現(xiàn)代槍械不嚴(yán)格的說(shuō)都算后裝填步槍?zhuān)瑥楊^-火藥-底火一體化的子彈從槍管后部裝入。這種方式的優(yōu)勢(shì)顯而易見(jiàn)，裝填速度大大加速，步槍作為單兵武器終于變成了高效率殺人武器。

火繩槍/燧發(fā)槍/擊發(fā)槍

火繩槍?zhuān)翰幌瘳F(xiàn)代步槍扣動(dòng)扳機(jī)就可以發(fā)射子彈一樣，火繩槍的原理更像是過(guò)年放鞭炮一樣，需要先點(diǎn)燃一根作為引線的火繩，燃燒傳遞至盛放底火藥的小碗中（也叫火皿），小碗一般還有個(gè)蓋子，暫時(shí)不發(fā)射時(shí)可以先蓋上，以免火藥灑出或受潮。仔細(xì)觀察下方照片，小碗的一側(cè)有一個(gè)小孔，直通槍管內(nèi)，小碗中的底火被引燃后，燃燒通過(guò)小孔被傳遞到槍管中先前灌裝好的火藥，火藥引燃后將彈頭發(fā)射出去，這就是火繩槍的擊發(fā)原理了。

火繩點(diǎn)火裝置特寫(xiě)

這種擊發(fā)方式可靠性很差，而且發(fā)射前等待的時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)，射手要預(yù)先點(diǎn)燃火繩，然后再持槍瞄準(zhǔn)，在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)可能已經(jīng)錯(cuò)失射擊機(jī)會(huì)，而且戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境下有很多意外情況可以導(dǎo)致射擊失敗，底火受潮、火繩無(wú)法點(diǎn)燃等等。在冷兵器時(shí)代，火繩槍并不能作為主力武器。電影《紅河谷》里就有過(guò)火繩槍發(fā)射的畫(huà)面，危急時(shí)刻拿著打火石怎么打卻打不著火繩，最后全軍覆沒(méi)。

瘋狂打，就是打不著

燧發(fā)槍?zhuān)红莅l(fā)槍針對(duì)火繩槍最主要的改進(jìn)，就是改進(jìn)了靠火繩點(diǎn)燃的這一點(diǎn)，燧發(fā)槍通過(guò)燧火石的打擊動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生火星引燃火皿中的底火，但是可靠性同樣也比較低，想像一下一個(gè)快沒(méi)氣的一次性打火機(jī)，你永遠(yuǎn)不知道下一次能不能打著。不過(guò)這樣以來(lái)?yè)舭l(fā)時(shí)就沒(méi)有等待火繩燃燒的時(shí)間，大大減少了射擊等待時(shí)間，可以讓射手抓住射擊機(jī)會(huì)。而且重試成本很低，不用重新?lián)Q一條火繩，直接再扣動(dòng)一次扳機(jī)就可以了。

擊發(fā)槍?zhuān)簱舭l(fā)槍最主要的引燃方式是通過(guò)火帽完成的，現(xiàn)代步槍也是通過(guò)火帽擊發(fā)的，簡(jiǎn)單的理解就是火帽做到了子彈里，通過(guò)撞針擊發(fā)火帽。

在影片中射擊訓(xùn)練的片段，可以清楚的看到火帽安裝的過(guò)程，火帽代替了火繩和火皿中的底火藥，擊錘擊打火帽后，火帽可以直接引燃槍管中的火藥（小時(shí)候玩的摔炮，跟那個(gè)類(lèi)似）?；鹈钡暮锰幨秋@而易見(jiàn)的，首先大大節(jié)省了擊發(fā)步驟，再也不怕潮濕和雨淋了，缺點(diǎn)就是容易手忙腳亂裝掉，電影里第一次安裝因?yàn)榫o張就給掉了，又從兜里掏了一個(gè)出來(lái)。

為了改進(jìn)這一點(diǎn)，春田1855就用一個(gè)特色的梅納德底火帶替換了這種火帽安裝，原理有點(diǎn)像打印小票的熱敏打印機(jī)，槍擊中預(yù)裝一卷充當(dāng)火帽的底火紙，每次擊發(fā)后自動(dòng)卷出一段新的來(lái)供下次使用。這種理念已經(jīng)很接近現(xiàn)代了，但因?yàn)檫@個(gè)底火帶很容易受潮，卷紙的傳送可靠性也太差，早期測(cè)試時(shí)失誤率達(dá)到了50%。

手忙腳亂裝的這個(gè)小東西就是火帽

滑膛步槍/線膛步槍

早期的前裝填式步槍基本都是滑膛的，滑膛步槍的槍管內(nèi)部是光滑的，彈頭依靠火藥推動(dòng)滑出槍膛，但是子彈為了順利裝進(jìn)槍管，子彈的直徑要小于槍管直徑，這樣就會(huì)導(dǎo)致火藥燃燒時(shí)會(huì)泄露部分燃?xì)?，浪費(fèi)推力，導(dǎo)致滑膛槍的射程和準(zhǔn)確度都不高。

后來(lái)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)在槍管內(nèi)刻出膛線（不過(guò)原始的線膛槍膛線是直的），讓彈頭射出時(shí)順著膛線旋轉(zhuǎn)，彈頭可以飛的更遠(yuǎn)，打的也更準(zhǔn)。自從旋轉(zhuǎn)膛線步槍出現(xiàn)后，前裝滑膛槍就退出歷史舞臺(tái)了。

現(xiàn)代還有滑膛槍?zhuān)热缫恍┌l(fā)射信號(hào)彈、照明彈槍、打獵用的霰彈槍等等，這些槍支對(duì)精度都沒(méi)有特別高的要求。

彈藥

早期的彈藥裝填很原始，射手需要帶一個(gè)火藥瓶，然后對(duì)準(zhǔn)槍口灌進(jìn)去，灌多了可能炸膛，灌少了彈頭沒(méi)有殺傷性。

火藥瓶

為了改進(jìn)這種情況，后來(lái)出現(xiàn)了紙殼定裝彈藥，人們把一次發(fā)射需用的彈藥裝在紙袋中，這樣裝填時(shí)只需要用嘴把小紙袋撕開(kāi)，火藥倒入槍管即可，后來(lái)彈頭也一起被包在了紙中，裝填時(shí)彈頭隨著紙殼一起塞入槍管即可，大大節(jié)省了裝彈時(shí)間。

再后來(lái)底火（就是那個(gè)火帽）也加入了紙殼彈家族，通過(guò)撞針擊發(fā)紙殼彈內(nèi)的底火，直接在槍膛內(nèi)引燃，自此槍膛終于封閉不再漏氣了。

網(wǎng)上搜來(lái)的圖，右側(cè)就是紙殼定裝彈藥，火藥與彈頭包裝在一個(gè)紙袋中

為了進(jìn)一步提高線膛槍的精度，人們希望彈頭和槍管盡量貼合，于是槍管后端灌裝火藥的部分被做窄，這樣彈頭裝入后可以在狹窄處卡住，用長(zhǎng)桿壓實(shí)后，彈頭就可以跟膛線契合。

下面的火藥室比槍膛更狹窄

后來(lái)為了改善彈頭的殺傷力和旋轉(zhuǎn)能力，錐頭子彈終于被發(fā)明出來(lái)，經(jīng)過(guò)火藥擠壓后，彈頭依然可以保持一個(gè)較好的圓柱形裝，彈頭的飛行穩(wěn)定性得到了提高。彈頭終于接近到了現(xiàn)代的樣子。

錐頭彈

但這時(shí)還有一個(gè)問(wèn)題需要解決，就是裝彈時(shí)仍然需要使用長(zhǎng)桿壓實(shí)彈頭，才可以讓彈頭和膛線契合，彈頭才能順著膛線進(jìn)行旋轉(zhuǎn)，終于米涅彈被發(fā)明出來(lái)。

米涅彈的形象像是一個(gè)窩窩頭，彈頭的底部是一個(gè)空腔，在火藥引燃時(shí)，空腔收到燃?xì)獾臄D壓自然向外擴(kuò)張，使彈頭外壁與槍管內(nèi)的膛線擠壓貼合，自此線膛步槍初步解決了精度問(wèn)題。

受火藥燃?xì)鈹D壓，空腔擴(kuò)大

再后來(lái)出現(xiàn)的金屬定裝彈（紙殼定裝彈換成了金屬殼），子彈終于不受外界因素干擾，可靠性大大提高。無(wú)煙火藥的出現(xiàn)解決了戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)霧霾問(wèn)題，射手視野大大增強(qiáng)。

經(jīng)過(guò)這些進(jìn)化，步槍登上歷史舞臺(tái)，冷兵器時(shí)代謝幕。（離AK47依然遠(yuǎn)的很）

美墨戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)·內(nèi)戰(zhàn)導(dǎo)火索

美國(guó)是實(shí)打?qū)嵈虺鰜?lái)的

美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后美國(guó)的領(lǐng)土并不是像今天一樣廣闊，此后邊打邊買(mǎi)（對(duì)，還可以買(mǎi)），才形成了今天的領(lǐng)土范圍，可以參見(jiàn)上圖。

德克薩斯獨(dú)立

德克薩斯州是以前墨西哥的屬地，墨西哥以前是西班牙的殖民地，在墨西哥獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（長(zhǎng)達(dá)11年的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，值得了解一下）之后，在百?gòu)U待興的情況下，墨西哥即要開(kāi)發(fā)人跡罕見(jiàn)的德克薩斯來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)戰(zhàn)后的糧食短缺，又要對(duì)抗當(dāng)?shù)氐挠〉诎踩?，于是放松了移民政策。隨著美裔移民逐漸增多（是不是想到了東南亞某國(guó)），德克薩斯的美裔移民比例大大高出墨裔，墨西哥開(kāi)始禁止美國(guó)移民遷往德克薩斯。

美裔移民想種棉花掙錢(qián)（出口歐洲很值錢(qián)），但是墨西哥出于糧食短缺的原因要求強(qiáng)制移民種植糧食作物，同時(shí)墨西哥要求德克薩斯必須遵守廢除奴隸規(guī)定，并且由聯(lián)邦制轉(zhuǎn)為中央集權(quán)制。

于是想種棉花蓄奴的聯(lián)邦制南方佬與墨西哥當(dāng)局產(chǎn)生了沖突，最終的結(jié)果是掀起了德克薩斯革命，德克薩斯獨(dú)立。

美墨戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

雖然戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束，但墨西哥依然不承認(rèn)德克薩斯獨(dú)立，存在邊境爭(zhēng)議。墨西哥以戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)威脅美國(guó)不得干涉墨西哥內(nèi)政，正處在擴(kuò)張主義熱潮的美國(guó)宣布如果德克薩斯加入美國(guó)，美國(guó)將會(huì)承認(rèn)德克薩斯主張的邊界線，1845年德克薩斯加入美國(guó)。

1846年，美墨戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以美軍攻入墨西哥首都墨西哥城結(jié)束，戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)獲得了墨西哥8個(gè)州的大部分土地。

奴隸制是美墨戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的導(dǎo)火索，也成為美國(guó)南北內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的表象，但在背后是隨著工業(yè)化的發(fā)展，種植園經(jīng)濟(jì)和工業(yè)化對(duì)于關(guān)稅矛盾的不可調(diào)和，以及州政府與聯(lián)邦政府之間的權(quán)力矛盾最終導(dǎo)致內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)。

參加美墨戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的將士很多后來(lái)也參加了南北內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，比如邦聯(lián)總統(tǒng)杰佛遜·戴維斯。在初期南軍有作戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的士兵較多，但后期已經(jīng)無(wú)法與北軍充足的兵員和工業(yè)能力抗衡了。

總結(jié)

目的是為大家觀影提供更多背景信息，關(guān)于南北內(nèi)戰(zhàn)本身其實(shí)目前也一直沒(méi)有一個(gè)很蓋棺定論的說(shuō)法，美國(guó)直到現(xiàn)在也有不少南方佬心懷邦聯(lián)的。

南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)從各方面都濃縮了時(shí)代發(fā)展的縮影，無(wú)論從哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域延伸去看，都能找到一些有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)。