看完卓別林大神的第一部有聲電影《大獨(dú)裁者》，內(nèi)心久久不能平靜，特別是結(jié)尾那七分鐘的演講說(shuō)出了大師在默片中一直想表達(dá)的一切，大師的早期作品大部分都是以小人物的故事來(lái)反應(yīng)社會(huì)的現(xiàn)狀，比如《流浪漢》《狗的生活》《摩登時(shí)代》等經(jīng)典電影。又有像《從軍記》那般通過(guò)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)軍人的生活，來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)于世界和平的追求，對(duì)于自由的向往。以前的作品都是以大師的幽默浮夸的動(dòng)作來(lái)表達(dá)，而《大獨(dú)裁者》是真正從大師口中說(shuō)內(nèi)向一直想要的夢(mèng)想，這或許是電影世上最偉大的演講吧！又或許是最偉大的一刻，大師莊嚴(yán)的把自己一生中最想表達(dá)的東西在七分鐘都宣泄出來(lái)，這不僅僅是大師一個(gè)人的夢(mèng)想，也是那個(gè)時(shí)代每個(gè)人的夢(mèng)想。沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，世界和平。
        《大獨(dú)裁者》這部電影是大師和妻子寶玲一起拍攝的，當(dāng)時(shí)為了拍攝這部電影，差點(diǎn)弄的自己傾家蕩產(chǎn)，況且拍攝這電影時(shí)希特勒還沒(méi)有死，德國(guó)還是在二戰(zhàn)占有絕對(duì)上分的國(guó)家。不得不佩服大師能在這種環(huán)境下拍攝一部這么偉大的電影，發(fā)表一段這么精彩的演講。你的演講打動(dòng)了我們，你的表演征服了我們，你的電影陪伴了我們，我還能說(shuō)什么呢！偉大如卓別林。
      卓別林七分鐘演講：
"I'm sorry, but I don't want to be an emperor. That's not my business. I don't want to rule or conquer anyone. I should like to help everyone if possible - Jew, Gentile - black man - white.
　　遺憾得很，我并不想當(dāng)皇帝，那不是我干的行當(dāng)。我既不想統(tǒng)治任何人，也不想征服任何人。如果可能的話，我倒挺想幫助所有的人，不論是猶太人還是非猶太人，是黑種人還是白種人。
　　We all want to help one another. Human beings are like that. We want to live by each other's happiness - not by each other's misery. We don't want to hate and despise one another. In this world there's room for everyone and the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone.
　　我們都要互相幫助。做人就是應(yīng)當(dāng)如此。我們要把生活建筑在別人的幸福上，而不是建筑在別人的痛苦上。我們不要彼此仇恨，互相鄙視。這個(gè)世界上有足夠的地方讓所有的人生活。大地是富饒的，是可以使每一個(gè)人都豐衣足食的。
　　The way of life can be free and beautiful, but we have lost the way. Greed has poisoned men's souls - has barricaded the world with hate - has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed. We have developed speed, but we have shut ourselves in. Machinery that gives abundance has left us in want. Our knowledge has made us cynical; our cleverness, hard and unkind. We think too much and feel too little. More than machinery we need humanity. More than cleverness, we need kindness and gentleness. Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost.
　　生活的道路可以是自由的，美麗的，只可惜我們迷失了方向。貪婪毒化了人的靈魂，在全世界筑起仇恨的壁壘，強(qiáng)迫我們踏著正步走向苦難，進(jìn)行屠殺。我們發(fā)展了速度，但是我們隔離了自己。機(jī)器是應(yīng)當(dāng)創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的，但它們反而給我們帶來(lái)了窮困。我們有了知識(shí)，反而看破一切；我們學(xué)得聰明乖巧了，反而變得冷酷無(wú)情了。我們頭腦用得太多了，感情用得太少了。我們更需要的不是機(jī)器，而是人性。我們更需要的不是聰明乖巧，而是仁慈溫情。缺少了這些東西，人生就會(huì)變得兇暴，一切也都完了。
　　The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together. The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in man - cries for universal brotherhood - for the unity of us all. Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world - millions of despairing men, women, and little children - victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people. To those who can hear me, I say: 'Do not despair.' The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed - the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress. The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men die, liberty will never perish.
　　飛機(jī)和無(wú)線電縮短了我們之間的距離。這些東西的性質(zhì)，本身就是為了發(fā)揮人類的優(yōu)良品質(zhì)；要求全世界的人彼此友愛(ài)，要求我們大家互相團(tuán)結(jié)?，F(xiàn)在的世界上就有千百萬(wàn)人彼此友愛(ài)，要求我們大家互相團(tuán)結(jié)?，F(xiàn)在的世界上就有千百萬(wàn)人聽(tīng)到我的聲音——千百萬(wàn)失望的男人、女人、小孩——他們都是一個(gè)制度下的受害者，這個(gè)制度使人們受盡折磨，把無(wú)辜者投入監(jiān)獄。我要向那些聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)我講話的人說(shuō)：“不要絕望呀?！蔽覀儸F(xiàn)在受到苦難，這只是因?yàn)槟切┖ε氯祟愡M(jìn)步的人在即將消逝之前發(fā)泄他們的怨毒，滿足他們的貪婪。這些人的仇恨會(huì)消逝的，獨(dú)裁者會(huì)死亡的，他們從人民那里奪去的權(quán)力會(huì)重新回到人民手中的。只要我們不怕死，自由是永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)消失的。
　　Soldiers! Don't give yourselves to brutes - men who despise you and enslave you - who regiment your lives - tell you what to do - what to think and what to feel! Who drill you - diet you - treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder. Don't give yourselves to these unnatural men - machine men with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines! You are not cattle! You are men! You have the love of humanity in your hearts. You don't hate, only the unloved hate - the unloved and the unnatural!
　　戰(zhàn)士們！你們別為那些野獸去賣命呀——他們鄙視你們——奴役你們——他們統(tǒng)治你們——吩咐你們應(yīng)該做什么——應(yīng)當(dāng)想什么，應(yīng)該懷抱什么樣的感情！他們強(qiáng)迫你們?nèi)ゲ倬?，限定你們的伙食——把你們?dāng)牲口，用你們當(dāng)炮灰。你們別去受這些喪失了理性的人擺布了——他們都是一伙機(jī)器人，長(zhǎng)的是機(jī)器人的腦袋，有的是機(jī)器人的心肝！可是你們不是機(jī)器！你們是人！你們心里有著人類的愛(ài)！不要仇恨呀！只有那些得不到愛(ài)護(hù)的人才仇恨——那些得不到愛(ài)護(hù)和喪失了理性的人才仇恨！
　　Soldiers! Don't fight for slavery! Fight for liberty! In the seventeenth chapter of St Luke, it is written the kingdom of God is within man not one man nor a group of men, but in all men! In you! You, the people, have the power - the power to create machines. The power to create happiness! You, the people, have the power to make this life free and beautiful - to make this life a wonderful adventure. Then in the name of democracy - let us use that power - let us all unite. Let us fight for a new world - a decent world that will give men a chance to work - that will give youth a future and old age a security.
　　戰(zhàn)士們！不要為奴役而戰(zhàn)斗！要為自由而戰(zhàn)斗！《路加福音》第十七章里寫著，神的國(guó)就在人的心里——不是在一個(gè)人或者一群人的心里，而是在所有人的心里！在你們的心里！你們?nèi)嗣裼辛α俊袆?chuàng)造機(jī)器的力量。有創(chuàng)造幸福的力量！你們?nèi)嗣裼辛α拷⑵鹱约好篮玫纳睢股罡挥幸饬x。那么——為了民主——就讓我們進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)斗，建設(shè)一個(gè)新的世界——一
　　個(gè)美好的世界，它將使每一個(gè)人都有工作的機(jī)會(huì)——它將使青年人都有光明的前途，老年人都過(guò)安定的生活。
　　By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie! They do not fulfil that promise. They never will! Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people. Now let us fight to fulfil that promise! Let us fight to free the world - to do away with national barriers - to do away with greed, with hate and intolerance. Let us fight for a world of reason - a world where science and progress will lead to all men's happiness. Soldiers, in the name of democracy, let us unite!
　　那些野獸也就是用這些諾言竊取了權(quán)力。但是，他們是說(shuō)謊！他們從來(lái)不去履行他們的諾言。他們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)履行他們的諾言！獨(dú)裁者自己享有自由，但是他們使人民淪為奴隸?，F(xiàn)在，就讓我們進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)，為了解放全世界，為了消除國(guó)家的壁壘，為了消除貪婪、仇恨、頑固。讓我們進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)，為了建立一個(gè)理智的世界——在那個(gè)世界上，科學(xué)與進(jìn)步將使我們所有人獲得幸福。戰(zhàn)士們，為了民主，讓我們團(tuán)結(jié)在一起！
　　Hannah, can you hear me? Wherever you are, look up Hannah. The clouds are lifting! The sun is breaking through! We are coming out of the darkness into the light. We are coming into a new world - a kindlier world, where men will rise above their hate, their greed and their brutality. Look up, Hannah! The soul of man has been given wings and at last he is beginning to fly. He is flying into the rainbow - into the light of hope, into the future, the glorious future that belongs to you, to me, and to all of us. Look up, Hannah... look up!"
　　哈娜，你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)我在說(shuō)什么嗎？不管這會(huì)兒在哪里，你抬起頭來(lái)看看呀！抬起頭來(lái)看呀，哈娜！烏云正在消散！陽(yáng)光照射出來(lái)！我們正在離開(kāi)黑暗，進(jìn)入光明！我們正在進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的世界——一個(gè)更可愛(ài)的世界，那里的人將克服他們的貪婪，他們的仇恨，他們的殘忍。抬起頭來(lái)看呀，哈娜！人的靈魂已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)了翅膀，他們終于要振翅飛翔了。他們飛到了虹霓里——飛到了希望的光輝里。抬起頭來(lái)看呀，哈娜！抬起頭來(lái)看呀！
  致敬 ——影帝
                                                  16.9.27

I'm sorry but I don't want to be an Emperor - that's not my business - I don't want to rule or conquer anyone. I should like to help everyone if possible, Jew, gentile, black man, white. We all want to help one another, human beings are like that.
We want to live by each other's happiness, not by each other's misery. We don't want to hate and despise one another. In this world there is room for everyone and the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone.
The way of life can be free and beautiful.
But we have lost the way.
Greed has poisoned men's souls - has barricaded the world with hate; has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed.
We have developed speed but we have shut ourselves in: machinery that gives abundance has left us in want. Our knowledge has made us cynical, our cleverness hard and unkind. We think too much and feel too little: More than machinery we need humanity; More than cleverness we need kindness and gentleness. Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost.
The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together. The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness
in men, cries out for universal brotherhood for the unity of us all. Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world, millions of despairing men, women and little children, victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people. To those who can hear me I say Do not despair. The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed, the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress: the hate of men will pass and dictators die, and the power they took from the people, will return to the people and so long as men die, liberty will never perish...
Soldiers - don't give yourselves to brutes, men who despise you, enslave you - who regiment your lives, tell you what to
do, what to think and what to feel, who drill you, diet you, treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder!
Don't give yourselves to these unnatural men, machine men, with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines! You are not cattle! You are men! You have the love of humanity in your hearts. You don't hate - only the unloved hate - the unloved and the unnatural. Soldiers - don't fight for slavery, fight for liberty!
In the seventeenth chapter of Saint Luke it is written the kingdom of God is within man - not one man, nor a group of men - but in all men - in you! You the people have the power, the power to create machines, the power to create happiness! You the people have the power to make this life free and beautiful, to make this life a wonderful adventure! Then in the name of democracy let us use that power - let us all unite!!! Let us fight for a new world, a decent world that will give men a
chance to work, that will give you the future and old age and security. By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to
power, but they lie! They do not fulfil their promise, they never will! Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people! Now let us fight to fulfil that promise! Let us fight to free the world, to do away with national barriers, to do away with greed, with hate and intolerance! Let us fight for a world of reason, a world where science and progress will lead to all men's happiness.
Soldiers - in the name of democracy, let us all unite!!!
[Speech by Charlie (Charles) Chaplin (1889-1977) from The Great Dictator movie (1940)]

===========================================
我想要幫助每一個(gè)人，猶太人，非猶太人，黑人，白人。我們要彼此幫助。人類就應(yīng)該那樣。我們要幸福的生活，而不是悲慘的。我們不要彼此憎恨。
在這個(gè)世界中，地球家園富有的，它能養(yǎng)育每個(gè)人。生活可以是自由且美麗的。但是我們迷路了。貪婪毒害了人的靈魂，并用憎恨阻隔了世界，一步步讓我們走向血腥。我們的發(fā)展越來(lái)越快了，但是又在封閉我們自己。工業(yè)時(shí)代只留給我們欲望。我們的只是讓我們憤世嫉俗，我們的聰明讓我們冷酷無(wú)情。我們考慮的太多，感知的太少。除了機(jī)器，我們更需要人性；除了聰明，我們更需要仁慈和溫順。沒(méi)有這些品質(zhì)，生活將充滿暴力，一切將不復(fù)存在......
飛機(jī)和收音機(jī)讓我們靠得更近，這些發(fā)明呼喚人類的仁慈，呼喚全世界的手足情意，讓我們團(tuán)結(jié)在一起?，F(xiàn)在，我的聲音傳向四面八方，被數(shù)以百萬(wàn)的絕望的男人，女人和孩子聽(tīng)到，被那些在暴政制度下苦苦煎熬的受難者和蒙冤入獄的無(wú)辜者聽(tīng)到。那些聽(tīng)到我言辭的人們，不要絕望！凌駕于我們之上的悲慘只不過(guò)是短暫的貪婪，只不過(guò)是那些害怕人類進(jìn)步的人的痛苦而已。人的憎恨將會(huì)過(guò)去，獨(dú)裁者終將死去，被他們奪走的權(quán)力將會(huì)回到人民的手
中。只要人們活下去，自由將會(huì)無(wú)法毀滅。
軍人，不要給那些畜生們效命，那些輕視你們，奴役你們的畜生，他們操縱你們的生命，告訴你該想什么，感覺(jué)什么，他們操練你們，把你們當(dāng)牛一樣，把你們當(dāng)炮灰用。不對(duì)把你們自己送給這些人，這些像機(jī)器一樣的人。你們不是機(jī)器，你們不是牛，你們是人！你們的心中有著人性的愛(ài)。不要憎恨，只有那些沒(méi)有愛(ài)和沒(méi)有天性的人才憎恨。士兵們，不要為奴役而戰(zhàn)斗要為自由而戰(zhàn)斗！圣路加說(shuō)“上帝的王國(guó)就是在人類里面。”不在一個(gè)人也不在一群人之中，而是在所有的人之中，在你們之中！你們有力量制造機(jī)器，有力量去制造快樂(lè)。你們有力量去制造自由和美麗的生活，去把生活變成一種美好的體驗(yàn)。以民主的名義，讓我們使用這種力量。讓我們聯(lián)合起來(lái)，讓我們?yōu)閯?chuàng)造一個(gè)新的世界而斗爭(zhēng)，這個(gè)世界，將會(huì)給人們一個(gè)工作的機(jī)會(huì)將會(huì)給年輕人帶來(lái)財(cái)富，將給老年人帶來(lái)保障。答應(yīng)這些事物，那些畜生們答應(yīng)過(guò)的事情。但是他們?nèi)鲋e！他們沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)，那個(gè)諾言，他們從不會(huì)！獨(dú)裁者使他們自己自由，但卻奴役別人?，F(xiàn)在，讓我們?yōu)閷?shí)現(xiàn)那個(gè)諾言而斗爭(zhēng)吧！讓我們?yōu)榱俗杂傻氖澜缍窢?zhēng)，為了廢除國(guó)家的障礙而斗爭(zhēng)，為了驅(qū)除貪婪，憎恨和不寬容而斗爭(zhēng)，讓我們?yōu)橐粋€(gè)公正世界而斗爭(zhēng)

1936年，電影開(kāi)始有了聲音。爾後不僅聲音，連彩色影片也開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)。但喜劇大師卓別林還是調(diào)皮地完成他不向彩色與聲音輕易妥協(xié)的經(jīng)典之作《摩登時(shí)代》。這部電影諷刺的正是工業(yè)主義的機(jī)械化、非人性。卓別林破天荒地在片中「發(fā)聲」，但在該片中唯一一場(chǎng)讓卓別林出聲的表演，卻讓他唱了一首夾雜各種語(yǔ)言的嘲弄歌曲，一方面他沒(méi)有真的「說(shuō)話」，二方面這也正好譏笑了語(yǔ)言之於電影的侷限與無(wú)用。四年後，卓別林正式推出了他第一部「說(shuō)話talk」的影片<<大獨(dú)裁者>> (1940年)。本文章試圖探究卓別林在<<大獨(dú)裁者>>一片裡，藉由聲音形塑於角色(或觀者)身上的種種形象。

1.
建立在聲音，語(yǔ)言上的恐懼與轉(zhuǎn)化

在<<大獨(dú)裁者>>中一人分飾獨(dú)裁者Hynkal(以下稱H)與猶太理髮師(以下稱B)的卓別林，除了在H發(fā)聲的時(shí)候以其獨(dú)斷，堅(jiān)決，具有壓迫性的聲調(diào)處理其聲音特色，並佐以B說(shuō)話的溫吞傻氣讓觀者逐漸混淆兩者雖共享有”同一軀體”，卻又非同一個(gè)人的感受。
而在一小時(shí)又一分零五秒。一場(chǎng)在猶太區(qū)，B與其猶太女友被街上的擴(kuò)音器追著跑的一場(chǎng)戲，獨(dú)裁者H佐著沒(méi)有意義只有語(yǔ)氣情緒的聲音從麥克風(fēng)傳來(lái)，B只能被嚇得躲進(jìn)桶子與門縫邊。但這樣被聲音所驚嚇的情節(jié)，其實(shí)早在另一位德國(guó)導(dǎo)演佛列茲朗1933的作品<<馬布斯博士的遺囑>>中，片中角色(或者觀眾)也曾就著布幕後那神秘的發(fā)聲體給出的恐懼所操弄。

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劇中的兩場(chǎng)演講-聲音帶出的恐懼絕望，當(dāng)然還有希望與對(duì)未來(lái)的想像!

首先是影片在開(kāi)始十五分鐘左右獨(dú)裁者H的那場(chǎng)演講，背景輔以一個(gè)看不見(jiàn)的女聲口白翻譯，那柔和的，可被清楚辨識(shí)意義的語(yǔ)言卻更突顯著H無(wú)比嚴(yán)肅，壓迫人的講演語(yǔ)調(diào)。而在<<卓別林的表演藝術(shù)>>一書中提到過(guò)該場(chǎng)演講，並評(píng)斷卓別林加諸H口中為無(wú)意義語(yǔ)言，個(gè)人是不盡同意此論點(diǎn)的，因?yàn)镠的演講中仍有清晰可辨識(shí)的某些語(yǔ)言，例如那些重複出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)調(diào)Jüdin ，在史蒂芬史匹柏的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)片<<搶救雷恩大兵>>中，也曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)猶太籍的美國(guó)士兵抓著德國(guó)戰(zhàn)俘，口中念著Jüdin(猶太人)，Jüdin展示自己身份的情節(jié)。
而理髮師B最後陰錯(cuò)陽(yáng)差地(或卓別林事先安排好)成為獨(dú)裁者H而上臺(tái)的演講，鏡頭裡群集突出的一隻隻麥克風(fēng)消失了，我們只看的見(jiàn)一個(gè)切掉半身的身軀(既是野蠻粗暴的Hynkal, 也是溫文儒雅的猶太理髮師，更是卓別林身為一猶太籍移民身分作者)，以一種相對(duì)於獨(dú)裁者H片頭的那場(chǎng)激昂的，訴諸於煽動(dòng)情緒的語(yǔ)調(diào)，反而以一種柔順，相對(duì)理性的闡述赤裸地要求一種人道關(guān)懷精神。
這兩相對(duì)比，讓我不禁回想起本文章先前提到的那場(chǎng)B在街上被H的麥克風(fēng)聲音追著跑的一場(chǎng)戲，H在B買獨(dú)裁政權(quán)胸章的時(shí)候，麥克風(fēng)傳來(lái)H的聲音，之後緊接著鏡頭溶接Hynkle說(shuō)話的臉孔，再溶接回理髮師B。
而就在這樣的聲音與臉孔的印記貼合中，我們隱隱得知，原來(lái)卓別林早在電影進(jìn)行中便有計(jì)畫的揭示那兩者”軀體再合而為一”的即將到來(lái)。