【第一集】

【劇情簡(jiǎn)介】
此集中，一位曾經(jīng)暴力、嗜酒、易怒，喜歡激烈運(yùn)動(dòng)的人，卻在被子彈射入腦中后，完全變成了另外一個(gè)人，溫和、謙恭，這枚子彈沒有影響他的視覺、說話能力、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力和認(rèn)知能力，卻將他的個(gè)性改變得徹徹底底，這就是說——他完全變成了另一個(gè)人嗎？那么在他還將為之前的他所做的惡行而負(fù)責(zé)，而接受懲罰嗎？

【關(guān)鍵詞】：改變change，異常大腦abnormal brain

什么是異常大腦？
What is an abnormal brain?
它將怎樣影響人的行為？
And how does having one affect behavior?
它可能將人變成怪物，比如卡洛夫先生（電影），但它的表現(xiàn)更有可能不那么戲劇化。
It could turn someone into a monster, like Mr. Karloff here, but, more likely, it manifests in less dramatic ways.
有些異常是器質(zhì)性的，在大腦掃描或驗(yàn)尸時(shí)會(huì)顯示出來。但有些更加隱蔽，蹤跡難尋。
Some abnormalities are structural, so they show up on a brain scan or an autospy, but others are sneakier and more insidious.
在神經(jīng)學(xué)上它們是自然現(xiàn)象，所以我們經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)不了。
They're neurochemical in nature, so we don't always know they're there.
這些大腦異常中的一部分，也許能通過手術(shù)或藥物治愈。但有一件事是肯定的，和年邁的弗蘭肯斯坦博士不同，我們無法調(diào)換人的大腦。不管喜不喜歡，你擺脫不了這塊與生俱來的三磅重的豆腐腦。
Some of these abnormalities may be treatable with surgery or pills.But one thing is certain, unlike old Doc. Frankenstein, we can't exchange one brain for another. Like it or not, we are stuck with the three pounds of cauliflower we were born with.

人們真能改變嗎？
Can people really change?
我們的個(gè)性是由基因先天決定的，還是后天可改變？
Is our personality generically pre-programmed? or is it malleable?
神經(jīng)可塑學(xué)提出理論，人類的大腦在一生中有改變并成長(zhǎng)的能力。
The science of neuroplasticity suggests that our brain has the ability to change and grow throughout our life.
其實(shí)，自身經(jīng)歷也能影響我們。
In essence, our experiences rewire us.
它們會(huì)讓我們對(duì)以前不能做不能想的事做出行動(dòng)和思考，能促使我們形成新想法。
They can make us do or think things previously undoable or unthinkable. They can provoke us into forming new thoughts and ideas.
還能賦予我們寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，降低再犯以前的同類錯(cuò)誤的可能。
And they can teach us valuable lessons, making us less inclined to repeat the mistakes of our past.
大腦一直處于不斷變化中，這說明生活不是亙古不變的。
The brain is in a constant state of flux, suggesting that nothing in life is permanent.
然而，正如人們所說，事物變得越多，保持不變的也就越多。
And yet, as they say, the more the things change, the more they stay the same.


【第二集】

【劇情介紹】
此集中講述的是一位患有卡普格拉妄想癥的女人認(rèn)為自己老公被外星人替代了，她的視覺和情感中心的交流被阻斷，所以當(dāng)她看見她老公時(shí)，并沒有感情，認(rèn)為他是其他人，或者是更為奇怪的人。但她的聽覺與感情中心還是有連系著的，所以電話中她還能夠聽出是她老公。但由此卻引發(fā)了一樁血案，她的一位男性好友暗戀她多年，其實(shí)正是因?yàn)樗麗鬯偪瘢?jīng)常跟蹤她，才造成她的車禍進(jìn)而使這個(gè)病爆發(fā)。他是唯一沒被她認(rèn)為是外星人的身邊好友，因?yàn)樗龑?duì)他感情不深，但他卻愛她入骨。所以，他指責(zé)她丈夫?qū)λP(guān)心不夠，勸其離開她，并惱羞成怒殺了他，并乘虛而入得到了她的心，最后卻在溫存一晚之后，又失去了她（因?yàn)榭ㄆ崭窭氚Y），悲矣……

【關(guān)鍵詞】：拉普格拉妄想癥(Capgras delusion)、發(fā)作性睡眠(narcolepsy)、睡眠性麻痹(sleep paralysis)

今天我們聊聊愛情，愛情如何重構(gòu)我們大腦的呢？
Let's talk about love, how does love rewire the brain?
當(dāng)遇到激起我們興奮感的陌生人，他們像病毒般攻擊我們的神經(jīng)，觸發(fā)神經(jīng)化學(xué)物質(zhì)，令我們隊(duì)這人產(chǎn)生愛慕、情欲，甚至迷戀，會(huì)令我們走神。
When we meet somebody new and exciting, they invade our synapses like a virus trigerring neurochemicals that feed into attraction, arousal, even absession. We get distracted.
每時(shí)每刻都想著那個(gè)特別的人。
We think about that special someone all the time.
而我們并非只是想念他們，還會(huì)在內(nèi)心構(gòu)建一個(gè)模型——一個(gè)能幫助我們預(yù)測(cè)，他們會(huì)怎么想，有什么感覺的模擬。然而，當(dāng)模擬遇到現(xiàn)實(shí)，兩個(gè)人的感情就可能出現(xiàn)問題。
But we're not just thinking about them, we're building an internal model-a stimulation that helps us predict what they'll think or how they'll feel. Of course, relations get into trouble, when the stimulation meets reality.
于是引發(fā)了這個(gè)問題——我們是否會(huì)真的愛上另一個(gè)人？還只是愛上了想象中的那個(gè)人？
Which begs the question-Do we ever really fall in love with another person? Or just with the idea of who they are?

上世紀(jì)20年代，法國的神經(jīng)病醫(yī)生，簡(jiǎn)·瑪莉·卡普格拉，遇到了一位病人，病人堅(jiān)信她朋友和家人都被別人冒名頂替了。
In the 20s, a French psychiatrist, Jean Marie Capgras had a patient who was convinced her friends and family had been replaced by imposters.
患上這種病的病人，他們的視覺皮質(zhì)和扁桃核，也就是大腦控制感情的中心，它們之間的交流被阻斷了。
For people living with the condition, the pathway between the visual cortex and the amygdala - the emotional center of the brain - has been severed.
你看著你妻子的時(shí)候，心里會(huì)有溫暖的愛意，因?yàn)槟銓?duì)她有很深的感情?？砂瑐惪茨愕臅r(shí)候，她對(duì)你卻沒有感情，所以對(duì)她來說，你只是個(gè)碰巧長(zhǎng)得像她丈夫的陌生人。
When you look at your wife, you get a warm and fuzzy glow, because you have deep feelings for her. But when Ellen looks at you, she no longer feels an emotional arousal. So to her, you're just a stranger, that happens to look like her husband.
-但她為什么會(huì)認(rèn)為我是外太空來的呢？
But why does she think I'm from outer space?
-卡普格拉妄想癥患者會(huì)有很奇怪的想法。他們會(huì)認(rèn)為自己所愛的人被雙胞胎、克隆人或機(jī)器人替代了。
Capgras patiens come up with some pretty bizzare ideas. They think their loved ones have been replaced by twins or clones, robots.

在正常的淺睡眠階段，身體和大腦斷連，所以我們不會(huì)夢(mèng)游。
In a normal rem cycle, the body disconnects from the brain, so we don't cut out our dreams.
但如果有睡眠性麻痹，大腦在高度敏感的狀態(tài)下醒來，這很可怕，人們會(huì)想象自己被未知生物攻擊。過去是鬼怪和巫師，但現(xiàn)在，更普遍的是外星人。對(duì)他來說，他的噩夢(mèng)是真的。
But with sleep paralysis, the brain wakes up in a highly suggestible state. It's terrifying. People imagine they're being attacked by strange creatures. It used to be ghosts and witches, but nowadays, more commonly, it's aliens. From his perspective, his nightmares are real.

為什么我們要談戀愛？神經(jīng)精神病學(xué)家說我們天生就渴望親密的關(guān)系。我們渴望愛。當(dāng)然，現(xiàn)實(shí)中感情常常以心痛告終，我們脆弱的心靈，就算不支離破碎，也傷痕累累。
Why do we bother with relaitonships? Neuropsychiatrists say that we're hardwired to crave intimate connections. We long for love. Of course, the reality is it usually ends in heartache, leaving our delicate psyches, bruised if not completely shattered.
那我們?yōu)槭裁催€要去挑戰(zhàn)呢？
Why do we even bother playing those odds?
我猜是因?yàn)?，我們只需要?duì)一次就夠了。而且一旦對(duì)了，我們會(huì)感覺到，而且那些快樂的回憶，都會(huì)留存下來。提醒我們，盡管某些時(shí)刻會(huì)令人沮喪消沉，但我們從來未曾真正地孤獨(dú)過。
I guess because we only have to get it right once. And when it's right, we konw it. Even the memories of fulfilling reationship can sustain us. And remind us that although we maybe feel down at this particular moment, we never truely alone.


【第三集】

【關(guān)鍵詞】：變化盲視(change blindness) 無意視盲(Inattentional blindness) 盲點(diǎn)(blind spot)

人類的思維已經(jīng)進(jìn)化到了幾乎能夠意識(shí)到每件事當(dāng)中的規(guī)律和意義的程度。
The human mind has evolved to perceive pattern and meaning in almost everything.
這種傾向被稱為“幻想性視錯(cuò)覺”。（圖案中看到人像等等現(xiàn)象）
This tendency is known as paraidolia.

你在看，但你卻沒往心里去。
You were looking, but you didn't see.
因?yàn)槿粢眯目?，不光要眼睛，還得用大腦。
Because we see with more than our eyes, we also see with our brains.
我想你經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)常見的心理學(xué)現(xiàn)象，叫做“變化盲視”。
I think you experienced a common psychological phenomenon known as "change blindness".
視覺刺激物發(fā)生了變化，而觀察者卻沒發(fā)現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樗麄兊淖⒁饬υ趧e的事情上。
It happens when there's a change is visual that goes unnoticed by the observer, because they're focused on other things.
"無意視盲”
Inattentional blindness
人的知覺本身就很有限，越是把注意力集中在需要認(rèn)知的地方，大腦就越容易忽視環(huán)境中的其他刺激因素。
Perception is an inherently limited process, and the more attentional demands placed on the cognitive resources that allow for perception, the less capacity the brain has to notice non-target stimuli in the environment?

我們對(duì)感知系統(tǒng)即視覺環(huán)境有無數(shù)錯(cuò)誤的理解，舉個(gè)例子：手機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)想讓我們相信只要你能雙手握住方向盤，手里沒拿電話都是安全的,并非如此。
We misunderstand our own perceptual systems, therefore, our visual environment. For instance, the cellphone industry would have us believe that it is safe to drive while talking on your cell as long as your hands are free, but it is not.
科學(xué)研究證實(shí)，危險(xiǎn)并不在于你手里是否拿手機(jī)，而是在于你大腦的注意力在哪。
Science has proven that the danger is less about whether your hands are free, and more about whether your brain is free.
你們知道邊開車邊使用電話，降低了與駕駛相關(guān)37%的大腦活動(dòng)嗎？
Did you know that driving while using a phone, reduces the brain activity associated with driving by 37%?

要是我說你們每個(gè)人都有盲點(diǎn)會(huì)怎樣？
What if I told all of you that you're partially blind?
你以為你看到了真實(shí)的世界，但實(shí)際上，有些東西你沒看到。
That right now, you think you're seeing the world as it truly is, but in actuality, you're missing something.
每次我們睜開雙眼，光線照進(jìn)我們的視網(wǎng)膜，一種叫做光感受器的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，將光線的信息傳送至我們的大腦，這就是我們?nèi)绾慰匆娛挛锏摹?br>See, everytime we open our eyes, light shines onto our retina. Nerve cells called photoreceptors interpret the light, transmit the information to our brain, and that's how we see.
但我們的視網(wǎng)膜上有一小片區(qū)域是沒有光感接收器的，叫做盲區(qū)，或者“盲點(diǎn)”。
But there's a small area on our retina where there are no photorceptors, this is called a scotoma, or "blind spot".
每個(gè)人都有盲點(diǎn)。
We all have one.
如果是真的，那我們?cè)趺磿?huì)沒注意到視野中有塊黑色區(qū)域呢？
So if that's true, how is it that we never notice a black area in our field of vision?
你從來沒注意到你的盲點(diǎn)，是因?yàn)槟愕拇竽X非常擅長(zhǎng)猜測(cè)那里有什么，然后自動(dòng)填補(bǔ)了空白。
The reason you never notice your blind spot is because your brain is great at guessing what should be there.
有時(shí)我們知道我們想要看到什么，大腦皮層就會(huì)將這種期望轉(zhuǎn)化成視覺現(xiàn)實(shí)。
Sometimes we know what we want to see, and our necorter turns that expectation into a kind of virtual reality.
這就意味著，我們看到的一部分世界，其實(shí)只是幻覺而已。
Which means that some of the world we see is really just an illusion.
想到這使我們變得多么脆弱，真是件可怕的事。
It's scary thought when you consider how vunerable that makes us.
那我們?cè)撊绾伟l(fā)現(xiàn)我們的盲點(diǎn)呢？
So how do we uncover our blind spots?
我們?cè)撊绾稳娴乜吹綌[在眼前的事實(shí)真相？
How do we fully see the truth that's right in front of our eyes?
敞開心扉或許是個(gè)好開端。
Well, a good place to start is to simply open your mind.
因?yàn)橐晃环▏軐W(xué)家亨利·柏格森曾說過：“眼睛只會(huì)看到那些心靈能夠理解的事物?！?br>Because there was a French philosopher, Henri Bergson said, "The eye sees only what the mind is prepared to comprend."


【第四集】

【劇情簡(jiǎn)介】
這一集也是由一個(gè)偽案件引發(fā)真謀殺的劇情。一位環(huán)境學(xué)家找到Dr. 皮爾斯，想請(qǐng)他指證小鎮(zhèn)上的化工廠排放化學(xué)物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致數(shù)位女孩不自主抽搐。為了躲避Kate，Dr.皮爾斯攜Lewicky前往，他此行的目的不是為了幫環(huán)境學(xué)家指控，而是查出導(dǎo)致女孩們抽搐的原因。Kate趕來幫忙，經(jīng)調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)境學(xué)家的詐騙，而女孩們，是因?yàn)閮?nèi)疚而產(chǎn)生的集體癔癥，她們隱藏的秘密又將我們帶入了另一個(gè)秘密之中，一位小鎮(zhèn)女孩死亡的真正原因，并不是所謂的自殺。進(jìn)一步調(diào)查才發(fā)現(xiàn)其間錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)系：同父異母的兄妹戀，被發(fā)現(xiàn)后，找該女生的男生母親錯(cuò)手引發(fā)女孩心臟病爆發(fā)，最后將其偽裝成自縊之狀。

【關(guān)鍵詞】扣帶回皮質(zhì)(cingulate cortex) 前額葉皮層(orbital prefrontal cortex) 熊貓癥候群（鏈球菌感染相關(guān)的兒童自身免疫性神經(jīng)精神障礙）(PANDAS) 集體癔癥(Collective hysteria)=集體歇斯底里(mass hysteria) 遺傳性性吸引(genetic sexual attraction)


你們最隱秘最黑暗的秘密是什么？你從來沒向內(nèi)心坦白過的秘密？我不清楚，是背叛了朋友的信任，還是從校園商店里順手牽羊？又或者你極想和前面的女生上床？
What is your deepest, darkest secret? The one you’ve never told a soul? I don’t know, did you betray a friend’s confidence? Or, shop shift from the campus store? Maybe you’re dying to sleep with the girl sitting in front of you?
現(xiàn)在，你們的腦中有場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)斗。
Right now, there is a war going on in your brain.
我們認(rèn)為是你的扣帶回皮質(zhì)希望說出實(shí)話，但你的前額葉皮層知道如果說了會(huì)有什么后果。
Our best guess is that your cingulate cortex desperately wants to tell the truth, but your orbital prefrontal cortex is stimulating how bad things will be if you actually spill the beans.
如果前額葉皮層贏了，你的應(yīng)激激素水平就會(huì)升高，而如果你的扣帶回皮質(zhì)贏了，則會(huì)降低。
If your prefrontal cortex wins, your level of stress hormones goes up. If your cingulate cortex wins, your stress level drops.
那么，如果生物上說，坦白秘密更健康的話。為什么我們的本性還要如此頑強(qiáng)地隱瞞呢？
So, if biologically, healthier to confess our secrets. What is it about human nature that makes us fight so hard to keep them hidden?

遺傳基因引導(dǎo)人們與基因類似的人們聯(lián)系在一起，但心理印記及社會(huì)禁忌壓倒性欲，兄弟姐妹在一起成長(zhǎng)時(shí)，就能避免。
Our DNA compels us to connect with our genetic tribe, but psychological imprinting and social taboo overwhelm sexual desire when siblings are raised together.
但若兩個(gè)人不知道他們的血緣關(guān)系，他們就會(huì)彼此吸引。
But when two people are unaware of their biological bond, they're drawn to each other.

弗洛伊德曾說過：“凡人皆無法保守秘密?！?br>Freud once said :" No moral can keep a secret."
“就算口風(fēng)嚴(yán)實(shí)”“也會(huì)在舉手投足之間流露”“每個(gè)毛孔都散發(fā)著背叛的氣息”。老西格蒙德肯定有過什么親身經(jīng)歷。
If his lips are silent, he chatters with his finger-tips, betrayal oozes out of every pore. I think old Sigmund might have been onto something.
盡管我們很想保守秘密，越是想掩蓋，越是欲蓋彌彰，內(nèi)部精神就迫使我們坦白。
Although we may be desperate to keep our secrets, the harder we try to bury them, the more they rise to the surface.
而這是好事，因?yàn)樘拐\對(duì)我們的身體有益處，對(duì)大腦有益處，甚至對(duì)靈魂也有益處，只要你相信。
We are neurologically compelled to confess, and that's a good thing, because confession is good for the body, good for the brain. It might even good for the soul, if you believe in that sort of thing.

【第五集】迷失“萬花筒”

何為真實(shí)何為虛幻？人無法真正了解一個(gè)人，卻也無法消除自己的偏見

【劇情簡(jiǎn)介】
此集講述了網(wǎng)絡(luò)與現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的虛幻和真實(shí)。一位五年來都沒與人交談，甚至走出家門的青年，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)“萬花筒”里卻能與人自如交流。他被網(wǎng)上“棱鏡酒吧”創(chuàng)建人“自由人M”屏蔽，為了能重新回到酒吧，他邁出家門，卻被誤認(rèn)成“自由人M”被一群小混混毒打了一頓。此之后，“自由人M”死了，會(huì)是誰將其槍殺的呢？Dr. 皮爾斯進(jìn)入“萬花筒”調(diào)查，卻深陷網(wǎng)絡(luò)不可自拔，愛上了虛擬人物，而此人正是青年的母親，也正是她殺了“自由人M”，這是她為了保護(hù)自己的孩子而做出的舉動(dòng)。何為真實(shí)？何為虛幻？其實(shí)很多東西都是我們的想象，我們的感受，不一定真實(shí)，不過只要你相信這個(gè)感覺，那么就是真實(shí)，從某種層面來說。


【關(guān)鍵詞】 萬花筒(Caleidoscope) 多動(dòng)癥（A.D.D/ attention-deficit disorder）偏見（biase）


理論上，“萬花筒”是一個(gè)大型多人在線社交游戲，你可以當(dāng)它是3D版的臉書。
Technocially, “Caleidoscope” is a massively multiplayer online social game, but you can think of it as facebook in 3-D.

我把它當(dāng)作多動(dòng)癥的傳染系統(tǒng)。因?yàn)椋娮佑螒驎?huì)導(dǎo)致多動(dòng)癥。
I think of it as a delivery system for attention-deficit disorder, because video games cause A.D.D.

好好看看坐得離你最近的人，你們看到了什么？競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手？前情人？還是那個(gè)每節(jié)課都抄你筆記還覺得你不知道的人？
Take a look at the person sitting closest to you. What do you see? A rival? An ex-lover? The guy who think you don’t know he copies your notes every class?
如果說這些基本都是幻想你們會(huì)不會(huì)驚訝？
Would it surpise you to learn it’s mostly a fantasy?
我們通過僅有的一絲線索來了解他人，而處理這些線索的神經(jīng)濾波卻滿載著我們的偏見。
We get to know people by taking a few small clues that we have about them and processing it all through a neural filter laden with our own personal biases.
我們靠自己腦補(bǔ)他們的身份，但是我們生活中的人究竟是什么樣，他們的本性，在他們的大腦里，不在我們的。
We rely on our mind to fill in the blanks of their identity. But who the people in our lives really are, their essence——that’s in their brains, not ours.
現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是，除非硅谷的下一次高中輟學(xué)生發(fā)明出一種真正能連上別人大腦的辦法。否則我們不可能知道他們到底是誰。我們只能用知道的真實(shí)東西來保護(hù)自己。
The reality is, until the next high-school dropout from Silicon Valley invetnts a way for us to literally plug in to the brains of another person. We can never really know who they are. All we can do is arm ourselves with what we know to be true——our feelings.

愛、恨、渴望、幸福、恐懼、友誼，這些都是大腦的引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)。
Love, anger, longing, happinness, fear, friendship, these are the brain’s guiding system.
真正的指引，如果我們能信任這感覺，他們就能幫我們找到我們想找的人。
It’s true north, and if we can manage to trust them, they can ususally help us to find what we are looking for.

【第六集】搭檔的考驗(yàn)

進(jìn)步真的好嗎？應(yīng)該有所堅(jiān)持。

【劇情簡(jiǎn)介】
此集是由腦起搏器展開的，一位帕金森癥的病人佩戴了腦起搏器卻突發(fā)狀況，被Dr. 皮爾斯救了。本覺得是醫(yī)療器械有缺陷引起的，誰知一位主治醫(yī)生卻死了，他的妻子也是佩戴腦起搏器的特發(fā)性震顫患者，并陷入了最小意識(shí)狀態(tài)。Dr皮爾斯與一位科學(xué)家成功將起搏器轉(zhuǎn)移了位置，喚醒了她。原來是她失手推到了醫(yī)生（她丈夫）導(dǎo)致他磕到頭而死亡了。而她的過失之舉又是另有所因，與另外那十多起腦起搏器意外事件一樣。由此牽涉出醫(yī)生與醫(yī)藥代表之間的私情，女人因想獨(dú)自擁有男人而想用此方式殺死他妻子，誰知……失去的卻是她最在乎的人。

【專業(yè)詞匯】 腦起搏器(DBS/deep brain stimulator) 帕金森（Parkinson）特發(fā)性震顫（essential tremor）微創(chuàng)手術(shù)(minimally invasive procedure) 肌張力障礙(dystoma) 抽動(dòng)穢語綜合癥(Tourette’s) 老年癡呆癥(Alzheimer’s) 肥胖癥(obesity) 精神分裂癥(schizophrenia)

這位醫(yī)生剛剛演示了大腦半球切除術(shù)，切除了患病的半個(gè)大腦。
The good doctor has just performed ahemispherectomy to remove the diseased half of the brain.
這就是強(qiáng)尼的腦左半球，他的語言中樞便包含其中，然而我們必須移除這個(gè)半球。出乎意料的是：曾由左半球控制的語言和其他功能，最終會(huì)在右半球中開發(fā)出來。
This is Johnny’s left hemisphere, the sidethat contains his language center, it’s also the half of his brain we had totake out, amazingly, speech and other functions once controlled by the lefthemisphere will eventually develop in the right.
腦半球切除手術(shù)不僅能救人性命，亦展示了半個(gè)大腦足以讓我們成為一個(gè)健全的人，你們當(dāng)中有些人每天都是這樣。
Hemispherectomies not only save lives, theyalso show us that to be fully human only takes half a brain, which some of youdemonstrate on a daily basis.
對(duì)其他人而言，這是否意味著你們的腦力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過所需要的呢？還是意味著你們有大量未發(fā)掘的潛力。
As for the rest of you, does that mean youhave a lot more brain power than you need? Or does it mean that you have vastamounts of unrealized potential?

他的大腦里植入了電極來幫助緩解帕金森的癥狀，由他的胸腔里的電池組供電。
He has electrodes implanted in his brain tohelp relieve his Parkinson’s symptoms. It’s powered by a battery pack in hischest.
10%的帕金森病人都不到40歲。
10% of the cases are under 40.

為什么人類不斷渴望進(jìn)步？我們的大部分野心由前額皮質(zhì)驅(qū)使，這也是為什么我們?cè)谶@間教室里，而不是在叢林里吃著香蕉。
Why are humans constantly striving forimprovement? Much of our ambition is driven by our large prefrontal cortex,which is why we’re in the classroom, and not in the jungle eating bananas.
每天我們都看到新的科技進(jìn)步，升級(jí)的手機(jī)，更快的電腦看，新的醫(yī)療技術(shù)。科學(xué)似乎有無限的能力，大多數(shù)進(jìn)步確實(shí)讓我們的生活變得更好。
Everyday, we hear about new technologicaladvancements, upgraded cell phones, faster computers, new medical techniques. Scienceseems to have unlimited potential. And many of these advances really do makeour life better.
但有時(shí)我想，在努力進(jìn)步的同時(shí)，我們也丟掉了一些原本重要的東西。
But sometimes I think, in our striving forimprovement, we lose aside of something just important.
也許我們應(yīng)該試著接受，自身已經(jīng)足夠好的部分，不是所有的事都需要修正。莫扎特的音樂已經(jīng)一百多年了，它不需要任何更新，就是這樣才完美。
Maybe we should try to accept what’salready pretty good about ourselves. Not everything needs fixing. Mozart’smusic was still 100 years old, it doesn’t acquire any upgrade, it’s perfectjust the way it is.

【第二季第七集】奇怪的罪犯

原諒與被原諒

【劇情簡(jiǎn)介】
一位被診斷為腦癌晚期的病患準(zhǔn)備在臨終前坦白罪行，他曾撞死了一個(gè)孩子。當(dāng)Kate確實(shí)找到了受害者家庭，他卻因奇跡般的痊愈出院并否則認(rèn)罪。Kate和Dr皮爾斯繼續(xù)尋找證據(jù)，正當(dāng)可以證明時(shí)，對(duì)方卻被槍殺了。這次出現(xiàn)在Dr皮爾斯幻覺中的人物是他的母親。他不聽巴赫、極其痛恨江湖術(shù)士都是由于當(dāng)年母親正是死于癌癥。事實(shí)上，他不能原諒的是自己，覺得是自己帶著母親看各類庸醫(yī)放棄化療才導(dǎo)致了母親的死，所以他如何都無法相信腦癌會(huì)在一個(gè)自稱是神經(jīng)興奮綜合指導(dǎo)能治愈癌癥呃庸醫(yī)。為了尋找兇手，他們輾轉(zhuǎn)受害人的母親、庸醫(yī)、前女友、老婆等人，卻無所獲。最后意識(shí)到一切都是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤造成的，醫(yī)生將診斷報(bào)告弄錯(cuò)而造成了兩個(gè)家庭的杯具，并錯(cuò)手殺了此人，從一開始這個(gè)人就沒得癌癥。感動(dòng)于Dr皮爾斯最后和母親的道別，終于得以釋懷，原諒了自己。

【術(shù)語】
認(rèn)知采訪 cognitive interviewing 神經(jīng)創(chuàng)傷 psychic wounds 生態(tài)療法 Ecological therapy 催眠 hypnosis

丹尼爾，我原諒你一直是一個(gè)二十歲的孩子，以為自己知道所有問題的答案。
Daniel, I forgive you for being a 20-year-old kid who thought he had all the answers.
謝謝。當(dāng)然，這安慰對(duì)我不起作用，因?yàn)槠鋵?shí)這只是我自己原諒自己。
Thanks. Of course, that's cold comfort seeing as it's really just me forgiving myself.

我們想要相信大腦是無所不能的，如果決心去做，沒有什么是我們學(xué)不了的。沒有什么是我們不能征服的。
We want to believe that the brain is all-powerful, that there's nothing we can't learn, nothing we can't conquer if we just set our winds to it.
但是盡管大腦精致而高效，仍有一些事超越我們思想的能力。有時(shí)在面對(duì)刺手的問題時(shí)，解決它的不是大腦，而是心靈。
But despite the brain's elegance and efficiency, there are some things that the power of the mind just cannot do. Sometimes, when we're faced with an intractable problem, it's not the brain that can solve it, it's the heart.

片頭片尾獨(dú)白整理+每集短評(píng)

# S02E01 【Change】

One thing is certain, unlike old Doc Frankenstein, we can't exchange our brain for another. Like it or not, we are stuck with the three pounds of cauliflower we were born with.

Can people really change?
 Is our personality genetically preprogrammed or is it malleable?

The science of neuroplasticity suggests that our brain has the ability to change and grow through our life.
 In essence, our experiences rewire us. They can make us do or think things previously undoable or unthinkable? They can provoke us into forming new thoughts and ideas. And they can teach us valuable lessons making us less inclined to repeat the mistakes of our past.

The brain is in a constant state of flux, suggesting that nothing in life is permament.
And yet, as they say, the more the things change, the more they stay the same.

腦子被槍打過（怪不得上海人罵人會(huì)用這句），大概是人發(fā)生big change的少數(shù)可行途徑之一。
其他情形，只能靠經(jīng)歷和學(xué)習(xí)，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)地rewire大腦的認(rèn)知區(qū)域，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)地往自己期望的方向change。

# S02E02 【Love】

How does love rewire the brain?

When we meet somebody new and exciting, they invade our synapses like a virus, triggering neurochemicals that feed into attraction, arousal, even obsessions.
We get distracted. When you think about that special someone all the time, even in the middle of a brilliant stimulating lecture, we are not just thinking about them, we're building an internal model, a simulation that help us predict what they'll think or how they'll feel.

Of course, relationships get into trouble when the simulatjion meets reality which begs the question, do we really fall in love with another person, or just with our idea of who they are?


Why do we bother with relationships?
Neuropsychiatrists say that we're hardwired to crave intimate connections.
we long for love, of course, the reality is, it usually ends in heartache, leaving our delicate psyches bruised, if not completely shattered.

Why do we even bother playing those odds?
I guess, because we only have to get it right onece. And when it's right, we know it. Even the memory of a fulfilling relaitonship can sustain us. And remind us that, although we maybe feeling down at this particular moment, we've never truly alone.

你愛的是這個(gè)人的本體，還是你想像出來的分身，最好搞搞清楚，不過有時(shí)候不大容易搞的清楚。
不管怎樣，最好在結(jié)婚前搞清楚。結(jié)了婚的嘛，還是算了，糊涂點(diǎn)為好，非要搞清楚的話，沒準(zhǔn)會(huì)有黃粱一夢(mèng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，罪過哦。

# S02E03【 vision or illusion】

Human mind has evolved to perceive patter and meaning in almost everything. This tendency is known as "pareidolia".

We see with more than our eyes, we also see with our brains.
"Change blindness" happens when there a change in visual stimulus that goes unnoticed by the observer, because they're focused on other things.

What if I told all of you that you're partially blind, that right now, you think you're seeing the world as it truly is, but in actuality you're missing something. It's true.

See, everytime we open our eyes, light shines onto our retina. Nerve cells called photoreceptores interpret the light, transmit the information to our brain. And that's how we see.

But there's a small area on our retina where there are no photoreceptors. This is called a scotoma, or blind spot. We all have one.
So if that's true, how is it that we never notice a black area in our field of vision?

The reason you never noticed your blind spot is because your brain is great at guessing what should be there and automatically filling in the blank.
Sometimes, we know what we want to see, and our neo-cortex turns that expectation into a kind of virtual reality which means that some of the world we see is really just an illusion.
A scary thought, when you consider how vulnerable that make us.

So how do we uncover our blind spots? how do we ever fully see the truth that's right in front of our eyes?
Well, a good place to start is to simply open your mind, because as the French philosopher Henri Bergson said," The eye sees only the mind is prepared to comprehend".

親眼所見難道還不可信嗎？親，還真的不可信。
在視覺形成過程中，眼睛和大腦是一個(gè)team，再明亮的眼睛遇見豬一樣的隊(duì)友，睜眼說瞎話、自己把自己賣了還幫人數(shù)鈔票，也并不是不可能地。
所以，如果大腦ambush了你，請(qǐng)悄悄地把眼淚拭去，然后默默地，對(duì)大腦皮層進(jìn)行碎片整理，最好重新分個(gè)區(qū)。

# S02E04 【Secret】
 
When you have a dark deep secret, the one you've never told a soul, there's war going on in your brain.
Our best guess is that your cingulate cortex desperately wants to tell the truth, but your orbital prefrontal cortex is simulating how bad things will be if you actually spill the beans.
If your prefrontal cortex wins, your level of stress hormones goes up, if your cingulate cortex wins, your stress level drops.
So, if it's biologically healthies to confess our secrets, what is it about human nature that makes us fight so hard to keep them hidden?

Freud once said"no mortal can keep a secret, if his lips are silient, he chatter with his finger-tips, betrayal oozed out of every pore ". I think old Sigmund might have been onto something.

Although we may be desperate to keep our secrets, the harder we try to bury them, the more the rise to the surface. We are neurologically compelled to confess. And that's a good thing.
Confession is good for the body, for the brain, it might be good for the soul, if you believe in that sort of thing.

"Genetic Sexual attraction"：Our DNA compells us to connect with our genetic tribe. But psychological imprinting and social taboo overwhelm sexual dersire when siblings are raised together.But when two people are unware of their biological bond, they're drawn to each other.

我有一個(gè)秘密，不能讓別人知道。
我說夢(mèng)話，床伴知道了，我干掉床伴；干掉床伴的時(shí)候，被撿垃圾的看見了，我干掉撿垃圾的；干掉撿垃圾的時(shí)候，被修路燈的看見了，我干掉修路燈的；干掉修路燈的時(shí)候，被XXX看見了，我干掉XXX，，，，
我好累，但是我得守住這個(gè)秘密，終于有一天，我死了，這個(gè)秘密終于安全了。
看吧，只有死人才能保守秘密，這是看罪案劇的常識(shí)。

腦科學(xué)說了，保守秘密會(huì)增加壓力，壓力大可是會(huì)致癌的親。坦白多好啊，說出來你會(huì)如沐春風(fēng)的
來，親你有啥秘密，快告訴我，我保證不告訴別人。。。

# S02E05【reality or fantasy】
Would it surprise you to learn the world in your mind is mostly a fantasy?

We get to know people by taking a few small cules that we have about them and processing it all throught a neural filter laden with our own personal biases.
We rely on our mind to fill in the blanks of their identity. but who the people in our lives really are, their essence?
That's in their brains, not ours.

The reality is , until the next high school dropout from silicon valley invents a way for us to literally plug into the brains of another person, we can never really know who they are.
All we can do is arm ourselves with what we know to be true, our feelings, love,anger,longing,happiness,fear,friendship, these are the brain's guidance system, it's true north.
And if we can manage to trust them, they can usually help us find what we're looking for.

大腦不僅幫助我們感知physical world，還幫助我們建立mental world。
physical world是靠視覺、聽覺、觸覺等知覺感知建立的，也就是人類達(dá)成共識(shí)的山川河流、日月星辰的這個(gè)physical world。
mental world是靠認(rèn)知建立的精神世界，這是屬于個(gè)人的世界，可以存在事實(shí)上不存在、但你卻認(rèn)為存在的人或事物。
                                        ——正好在讀的《making up the mind》


# S02E06【improvement】

Hemispherectomy is used to remove the diseased left half of the brain. Amazingly, speech and other functions once controlled by the left hemisphere, will eventually develop in the right.
Hemispherectomies not only save lives, they also show us that to be fully human only takes half a brain.
As for the rest of you, does that mean you have a lot more brain power than you really need? or does it mean that you have vast amounts of unrealized potential?

why are humans constantly striving for improvement?
much of our ambition is driven by our large prefrontal cortex,which is why we're in this classroom and not in the jungle eating bananas.
Everyday, we dream about new technological advancements,upgraded cellphones, faster computers, new medical techniques.
Science seems to have unlimited potential, and many of these advancements really do make our lives better.
Sometimes, I think in our striving for improvement,we lose sight of something just as important.maybe we should try to accept what's already pretty good about ourselves.
And not everything needs fixing, Morzart's music is 200 years old. it doesn't require any upgrade, it's perfect just the way it is.

大腦到底有多powerful，這是個(gè)沒有定論的問題。
但這集里提到大腦的自我修復(fù)能力，已經(jīng)有不少實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果支持。
曾經(jīng)看到過幾個(gè)類似的案例，是講人的大腦受到創(chuàng)傷之后，可以在未損傷的區(qū)域重新開發(fā)原有功能的能力，
這種能力的發(fā)現(xiàn)是振奮人心的，畢竟，這比壁虎斷尾續(xù)生可要酷多了。

案件中的DBS，deep brain stimulator，微創(chuàng)方式安裝在人腦中，用電動(dòng)力控制腦部出現(xiàn)的tremor或seizure，以此幫助病人。
btw，這玩意真的存在，google上能查出DBS專利的相關(guān)信息。多么神奇的技術(shù)，不可思議，是嗎？
然而，科技的進(jìn)步仿佛也是無極限的，每隔幾年，都會(huì)有一批科技，從“不可思議”變成“理所當(dāng)然”，科技帶來的不僅有生活模式的改變，也有商業(yè)模式的改變，這些改變?cè)谖覀兩拿總€(gè)層面、每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，從滲透到浸潤(rùn)。

最后吐個(gè)槽，小提琴手這位仁兄，是影視界搞音樂的職業(yè)病人么，剛看見他在《royal pains》里拉小提琴時(shí)摔壞了腦袋，這會(huì)又在這兒又成了帕金森患者。。這也算術(shù)業(yè)有專攻么。

#S02E07 【miracle or mistake】

we want to believe that the brain is all-powerful, that there is nothing we can't learn, nothing we can't conquer if we just set our minds to it .
but despite the brain's elegance and effiency,there is some things the power of the mind just cannot do.sometimes when we're faced with an intractable problem,it is not brain that can solve it ,it is the heart.

人類在極度絕望的時(shí)候，就會(huì)求助于非科學(xué)。
比如，教授帶著媽媽亂投醫(yī)
比如，這里面的沒死于腦癌卻死于槍擊的倒霉蛋，忍受不了腦癌的痛苦，求助于NeuroPositive Integration coach。
這個(gè)coach的理念是，一切精神上的wounds，都會(huì)以病痛的形式加諸于肉體。
“你心懷愧疚，所以生腦癌了，你去自首，心靈上解脫了，所以腦癌就自己好了，你看，不是還有CT片子證明我的觀點(diǎn)嗎！而且你反悔了，頭就又疼了不是?！弊C據(jù)與結(jié)論匹配的多么完美啊，這是psychic們自以為很科學(xué)的視角。

“腦瘤不可能靠意念治愈，一定是哪兒搞錯(cuò)了”，這是腦科學(xué)家自以為很科學(xué)的視角。

在這一集，這個(gè)問題的結(jié)論很清楚，
我感覺bj的意思是，你們看，我早就告訴過你們了吧，不是miracle，只是個(gè)mistake。

但展開了講，一些疾病不治而愈的真相是什么，人類需要更多的證據(jù)。


#S02E08 【heal】

Hope abounds in the world of neurotherapy thanks to embryonic cells in the brain known as neuroblasts. These tiny miracles form in the subventricle zone after a stroke, then zip over to the damaged tissue and make repairs.
Amazing，the brain has its own pit crew.
Now, neuroblast research is still in its infancy. but someday，instead of managing brain degeneration with medication, we may be able to help the brain heal itself.

life awaits.Meaningful friendships,inspiring work,independence,your place in the world,they're all just waiting outside your door.
Now imagine if that door was locked.
No key, side exits, you're trapped, while everybody else blossoms around you.
That's what it feels like growing up with a mental illness.
So, while Gamma knife surgery can disable the neurological circuit where this patient's OCD impulses form, it can make up for the lost time.

Of course, there are plenty of mental illnesses can not be fixed with surgery, but as Mr. Lewicki discovered during the weekend, neurologists are a crazy bunch, crazy enough to believe that if you could discover a viable cure for one illness, then eventually, you'll discover a cure for the next one, which means there's hope for all of us.

這集，有精神病史的教授，為了找證據(jù)給OCD病人洗脫罪名，居然扮作精神?。ㄟ@還用扮嗎，經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富啊）潛入精神病院做無間道，哈哈，這個(gè)設(shè)定還蠻帶感的。

至于涉及到的腦科學(xué)，主要是大腦有一類神經(jīng)細(xì)胞（neuroblasts）具有healing hands，這幫貨就好比大腦專有的修理工一樣，專注于修復(fù)受損的腦組織。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)給neurologist帶來了希望，大家都設(shè)想著，沒準(zhǔn)哪天，精神病的治療就能像現(xiàn)在治療身體上的疾病一樣簡(jiǎn)單可行啦。

哥，這么說，精神病治的好？
嗯，治的好的，藥別停。。。


#S02E09 【Virus】

這集教授忙著會(huì)舊情人來著，沒上課，沒獨(dú)白。

案例是，美國女戰(zhàn)斗英雄被富二代戰(zhàn)友強(qiáng)奸后，被傳染了herpes virus（type II），更悲催的是，病毒進(jìn)入大腦，引發(fā)了腦膜炎。

腦部發(fā)炎腫脹，使得病人表現(xiàn)出neurobehavioral disorder，即克魯爾-布西癥候群（Klüver-Bucy Syndrome），具體表現(xiàn)是，無法遏制自己的各種沖動(dòng)（such as compulsive sexual behavior, oral fixation, lack of fear, the mood-swings），尤其以性沖動(dòng)和往嘴里亂塞東西為代表。
這些癥狀的出現(xiàn)，一般意味著大腦的顳葉區(qū)（the temporal lobes）受損.

這集要我劃重點(diǎn)的話，明顯不是腦科學(xué)，必須得是#論安全性行為的重要性#啊。

案子還沒完，結(jié)尾處，目測(cè)是女主FBI殺人了，這難道是女主不演了、要去生孩子的節(jié)奏嗎？

#S02E10【Second chance】

上集的案子破了，同時(shí)，F(xiàn)BI姐姐的官司也雨過天晴。
原來那位連自己親爹都嫌棄的蠢貨本來是想設(shè)套誘殺女主，但不曾想FBI姐姐分析利弊后悄悄穿起避彈衣，莫名其妙完勝。
看來女主暫時(shí)不用去生孩子了。

這集案子的主題貌似跟腦科學(xué)沒啥關(guān)系，
但是因?yàn)榻淌谡一亓说谝淮?，所以在結(jié)尾處的課堂上大肆宣揚(yáng)受損的大腦和低谷的人生都需要“second chance”：
There can be a second act for the brain，known as Acquired Savant Syndrome（后天性學(xué)者癥候群）——devastated by injury, the brains of ordinary people can develop amazing new skills.
for example, a high school dropout is savagely attacked,he awakens able to draw mathematically accurate fractals by hand.
After a stroke, a doctor with no previous interest in art becomes a gifted painter, whose work adorns gallery walls and magazine pages.
So if our brains can have a second act, why not our lives?
我感覺，這種受損后卻能奇跡地發(fā)展出從未有過的天賦的大腦，大概都是被God親吻過的。。。

ps：里面還有個(gè)女戰(zhàn)士，左腦受傷，患了Broca's aphasia(布羅卡氏失語癥)，不能說話或?qū)懽?，但是可以用唱歌的方式來表達(dá)，因?yàn)槌铓w右腦管。這個(gè)案例也好神奇。

半季終，半年后繼續(xù)。。。